為了維護(hù)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一和西藏人民的根本利益，中央人民政府采取果斷措施，與西藏人民一道堅(jiān)決平息了叛亂，解散了西藏地方政府，并在西藏進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)徹底摧毀封建農(nóng)奴制度的民主改革運(yùn)動(dòng)。民主改革廢除了“政教合一”制度，實(shí)現(xiàn)了政教分離；廢除了生產(chǎn)資料的封建領(lǐng)主所有制，確立了農(nóng)牧民個(gè)體所有制；廢除了對(duì)“三大領(lǐng)主”的人身依附，使農(nóng)奴和奴隸獲得人身自由。民主改革是西藏社會(huì)進(jìn)步和人權(quán)發(fā)展史上劃時(shí)代的重大變革，使西藏百萬(wàn)農(nóng)奴和奴隸在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)生活多方面實(shí)現(xiàn)了翻身解放，有效地促進(jìn)了西藏社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，為西藏的現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了道路。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在民主改革中，農(nóng)奴和奴隸共分得土地280多萬(wàn)克(15克相當(dāng)于1公頃)，到1960年西藏民主改革完成時(shí)，西藏的糧食生產(chǎn)量比1959年增長(zhǎng)12.6%，比民主改革前的1958年增長(zhǎng)17.7%，牲畜存欄頭數(shù)1960年比1959年增長(zhǎng)9.9%。
(三)實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，推動(dòng)西藏走上社會(huì)主義的發(fā)展道路
In order to safeguard the unity of the nation and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people, the Central People’s Government, together with the Tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local govern-ment and carried out the Democratic Reform in Tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. Through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled, religion was sepa-rated from government; the feudal serf owners’ right to own means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established; the serfs’ and slaves’ personal bondage to the officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was cancelled, and they won their freedom of the person. The Democratic Reform constituted an epoch-making change in the social progress of Tibet and its development of human rights. It emancipated a million of serfs and slaves politically, economically and in other aspects of social life, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in Tibet and opened up the road towards modernization. The former serfs and slaves got over 186,000 hectares of land in the Democratic Reform and, in 1960, when the Democratic Reform was basically completed, the total grain yield of Tibet was 12.6 percent higher than in 1959 and 17.7 percent higher than in 1958. In addition, the total number of livestock was 9.9 percent higher than in 1959.
3. Implementing regional ethnic autonomy, making Ti-bet embark on the road of socialism
西藏民主改革的過(guò)程同時(shí)也是民主建政的過(guò)程。1959年3月西藏發(fā)生叛亂后，國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布命令，解散西藏噶廈地方政府，決定由西藏自治區(qū)籌備委員會(huì)行使西藏地方政府職權(quán)。此后，相繼撤銷了昌都地區(qū)人民解放委員會(huì)和班禪堪布會(huì)議廳委員會(huì)，結(jié)束了幾種不同性質(zhì)政權(quán)并存的局面，建立了統(tǒng)一的人民民主政權(quán)。1961年，西藏各地開(kāi)始實(shí)行普選，昔日的農(nóng)奴和奴隸第一次獲得了當(dāng)家作主的民主權(quán)利，選舉產(chǎn)生了西藏各級(jí)權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)和政權(quán)，一大批翻身農(nóng)奴和奴隸擔(dān)任了各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。1965年9月，西藏自治區(qū)第一屆人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議在拉薩開(kāi)幕，西藏自治區(qū)及其人民政府宣告成立。此后，西藏通過(guò)對(duì)農(nóng)牧業(yè)的社會(huì)主義改造，走上了社會(huì)主義的發(fā)展道路。西藏自治區(qū)的成立和社會(huì)主義制度的實(shí)行，從制度上保障了各民族平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助和共同繁榮政策在西藏的實(shí)現(xiàn)，保障了西藏各族人民平等參與管理國(guó)家事務(wù)和自主管理本地區(qū)本民族事務(wù)的權(quán)利，為西藏在國(guó)家的特殊支持和資助下，根據(jù)本地區(qū)特點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)與全國(guó)共同發(fā)展進(jìn)步提供了制度保證。
(四)實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放，推動(dòng)西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)從封閉走向開(kāi)放、從供給型經(jīng)濟(jì)走向經(jīng)營(yíng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)
The Democratic Reform in Tibet coincided with its con-struction of democratic politics. After the rebellion broke out in March 1959 the State Council issued an order to dissolve the Kashag and decided to make the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the local government’s du-ties and power. Later, the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were abolished, and a centralized people’s democratic government was set up, thus ending the co-existence of several political powers of different nature. In 1961 a general election was held across Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy demo-cratic rights as their own masters, as they elected power organs and governments at all levels. Many emancipated serfs and slaves took up leading posts at various levels in the region. In September 1965 the First Session of the First People’s Congress of Tibet was convened in Lhasa, at which the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Regional People’s Govern-ment were officially proclaimed. Then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tibet em-barked on the road of socialism. The founding of the Tibet Au-tonomous Region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity. It also provided a guarantee for all ethnic groups in Tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of state affairs and that of ethnic affairs. In this way, an institutional guarantee was put in place for Tibet to develop along with other parts of China, with special support and assistance by the state and according to its local conditions.
4. Implementing reform and opening up, promoting Ti-betan economy to change from a closed one into an open one and from a planned one to a market one
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