一、新疆是中國領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分

　　中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的形成，是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的歷史必然。歷史上，養(yǎng)育中華民族及其先民的東亞大陸，既有農(nóng)耕區(qū)，也有游牧區(qū)等。各種生產(chǎn)生活方式族群的交流互補(bǔ)、遷徙匯聚、沖突融合，推動(dòng)了中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的形成和發(fā)展。

　　I. Xinjiang Has Long Been an Inseparable Part of Chinese Territory

　　A unified multiethnic country, China came into being as a result of economic and social development. Historically, the East Asia continent that nurtured the ancestors of today’s Chinese nation had both farming and nomadic herding areas. Different ethnic groups with diverse livelihoods and lifestyles communicated with and complemented each other, and migrated and lived together. They experienced both conflict and integration, and pushed China to move forward and become a unified multiethnic country.

　　中國歷史上最早的幾個(gè)王朝夏、商、周先后在中原地區(qū)興起，與其周圍的大小氏族、部落、部落聯(lián)盟逐漸融合形成的族群統(tǒng)稱為諸夏或華夏。經(jīng)春秋至戰(zhàn)國，華夏族群不斷同王朝周邊的氏族、部落、部落聯(lián)盟交流融合，逐漸形成了齊、楚、燕、韓、趙、魏、秦等7個(gè)地區(qū)，并分別聯(lián)系著東夷、南蠻、西戎、北狄等周邊諸族。公元前221年，秦始皇建立第一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的封建王朝。公元前202年，漢高祖劉邦再次建立統(tǒng)一的封建王朝。

　　Xia, Shang, and Zhou, the three earliest dynasties in Chinese history, emerged successively in the Central Plains, a vast area covering the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. They integrated with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances into bigger ethnic groups, called by the joint name Zhuxia or Huaxia. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, Huaxia groups continued to communicate and blend with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances, and gradually seven regions – Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin – came into being. These maintained contact with neighboring ethnic groups such as Yi in the east, Man in the south, Rong in the west, and Di in the north. In 221 BC, the First Emperor of Qin founded the first unified feudal dynasty. In 202 BC, Liu Bang, later known as Emperor Gaozu, set up another unified feudal dynasty – Han.

　　從漢代至清代中晚期，包括新疆天山南北在內(nèi)的廣大地區(qū)統(tǒng)稱為西域。自漢代開始，新疆地區(qū)正式成為中國版圖的一部分。漢朝以后，歷代中原王朝時(shí)強(qiáng)時(shí)弱，和西域的關(guān)系有疏有密，中央政權(quán)對新疆地區(qū)的管治時(shí)緊時(shí)松，但任何一個(gè)王朝都把西域視為故土，行使著對該地區(qū)的管轄權(quán)。在中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的歷史演進(jìn)中，新疆各族人民同全國人民一道共同開拓了中國的遼闊疆土，共同締造了多元一體的中華民族大家庭。中國多民族大一統(tǒng)格局，是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全體中華兒女共同奮斗造就的。

　　From the Han to the middle and late Qing, the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang were called the Western Regions. Xinjiang was formally included in Chinese territory in the Han Dynasty. Later dynasties in the Central Plains, some strong, some weak, kept closer or looser contact with the Western Regions, and the central authorities exercised tighter or slacker administration over Xinjiang. But all of these dynasties regarded the Western Regions as part of Chinese territory and exercised the right of jurisdiction over Xinjiang. Through the long formative process of turning China into a unified multiethnic country, many ethnic groups worked together to develop its vast territories and build the diverse Chinese nation. The unification of multiethnic China was a result of common efforts made by the whole Chinese nation, including the ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

　　西漢前期，中國北方游牧民族匈奴控制西域地區(qū)，并不斷進(jìn)犯中原地區(qū)。漢武帝即位后，采取一系列軍事和政治措施反擊匈奴。公元前138年、公元前119年，派遣張騫兩次出使西域，聯(lián)合月氏、烏孫等共同對付匈奴。公元前127年至公元前119年，3次出兵重創(chuàng)匈奴，并在內(nèi)地通往西域的咽喉要道先后設(shè)立武威、張掖、酒泉、敦煌四郡。公元前101年，在輪臺等地進(jìn)行屯田，并設(shè)置地方官吏管理。公元前60年，控制東部天山北麓的匈奴日逐王降漢，西漢統(tǒng)一西域。同年，設(shè)西域都護(hù)府作為管理西域的軍政機(jī)構(gòu)。公元123年，東漢改西域都護(hù)府為西域長史府，繼續(xù)行使管理西域的職權(quán)。

　　In the early Western Han Dynasty, the nomadic Xiongnu people in northern China controlled the Western Regions, and attacked the Central Plains from time to time. After Emperor Wudi took the throne, he adopted a series of military and political responses. In 138 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han government dispatched Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions, who convinced the Rouzhi and Wusun peoples to form an alliance to fight the Xiongnu. On three occasions between 127 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han authorities dispatched forces that inflicted heavy losses on the Xiongnu. They then set up four prefectures – Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang – on key passageways from the Central Plains to the Western Regions. In 101 BC, the Western Han began to send garrison troops to transform wastelands to arable land in Luntai and some other places, and appointed local officers to command them. In 60 BC, the Xiongnu king who ruled the areas north of the eastern Tianshan Mountains surrendered to the Han government, which thereby incorporated the Western Regions into Han’s territory. In the same year, the Western Regions Frontier Command was established to exercise military and political administration over the Western Regions. In 123, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Regions Frontier Command was replaced by the Western Regions Garrison Command, which continued to administer the Western Regions.