三國曹魏政權繼承漢制，在西域設戊己校尉。西晉在西域設置西域長史和戊己校尉管理軍政事務。三國兩晉時期，北方匈奴、鮮卑、丁零、烏桓等民族部分內遷并最后與漢族融合。327年，前涼政權首次將郡縣制推廣到西域，設高昌郡（吐魯番盆地）。從460年到640年，以吐魯番盆地為中心，建立了以漢人為主體居民的高昌國，歷闞、張、馬、麴諸氏。隋代，結束了中原長期割據狀態(tài)，擴大了郡縣制在新疆地區(qū)的范圍。突厥、吐谷渾、黨項、嘉良夷、附國等周邊民族先后歸附隋朝。唐代，中央政權對西域的管理大為加強，先后設置安西大都護府和北庭大都護府，統(tǒng)轄天山南北。于闐王國自稱唐朝宗屬，隨唐朝國姓李。宋代，西域地方政權與宋朝保持著朝貢關系。高昌回鶻尊中朝（宋）為舅，自稱西州外甥?？雇醭啻闻墒钩枷蛩纬?。元代，設北庭都元帥府、宣慰司等管理軍政事務，加強了對西域的管轄。1251年，西域實行行省制。明代，中央政權設立哈密衛(wèi)作為管理西域事務的機構，并在嘉峪關和哈密之間先后建立安定、阿端、曲先、罕東、赤斤蒙古、沙州6個衛(wèi)，以此支持管理西域事務。清代，清政府平定準噶爾叛亂，中國西北國界得以確定。此后，對新疆地區(qū)實行了更加系統(tǒng)的治理政策。1762年設立伊犁將軍，實行軍政合一的軍府體制。1884年在新疆地區(qū)建省，并取“故土新歸”之意，改稱西域為“新疆”。1912年新疆積極響應辛亥革命，成為中華民國的一個行省。

　　The Kingdom of Wei of the Three Kingdoms Period adopted the Han system, stationing a garrison commander to rule the Western Regions. The Western Jin Dynasty stationed a garrison commander and a governor to exercise military and political administration over the Western Regions. In the Three Kingdoms Period and the Jin Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Dingling, and Wuhuan in northern China moved inland and finally integrated with the Han ethnic group. In 327, the Former Liang regime spread the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions and set up the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin. From 460 to 640, the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochangcentered in the Turpan Basin and with the Han people as the main population was ruled successively by the Kan, Zhang, Ma, and Qu families.

　　The Sui Dynasty ended the long-term division of the Central Plains, and expanded the areas in the Western Regions that adopted the system of prefectures and counties. The Turk, Tuyuhun, Dangxiang, Jialiangyi, Fuguo and some other ethnic groups submitted to the authority of the Sui. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government strengthened its rule over the Western Regions by establishing the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the Western Regions. The ruling clan of the Kingdom of Khotan (232 BC-AD 1006) asserted that it was related by blood to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and changed its surname to Li, the surname of the Tang emperor. In the Song Dynasty, local regimes of the Western Regions paid tribute to the Song. The king of Uighur Kingdom of Gaochanghonored the Song emperor as “Uncle” and called himself “Nephew in the Western Regions”, while the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1212) sent envoys many times to pay tribute to the Song court.

　　In the Yuan Dynasty, the central government strengthened administration over the Western Regions by establishing the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner’s Office to manage military and political affairs. In 1251, the system of administrative provinces was adopted in the Western Regions. In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court set up the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs, and then set up six garrison cities – Anding, Aduan, Quxian, Handong, ChijinMengu, and Shazhou – between the Jiayu Pass and Hami to support local administration. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court quelled a rebellion launched by the Junggar regime, defining the northwestern border of China. It then adopted more systematic policies for governing Xinjiang. In 1762, the Qing government established the post of Ili General and adopted a mechanism combining military and political administration. In 1884, it established a province and renamed the Western Regions as “Xinjiang”, meaning “l(fā)and newly returned”. In 1912, as a response to the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

　　1949年中華人民共和國成立，新疆和平解放。1955年成立新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)。在中國共產黨領導下，新疆各族人民同全國人民共同團結奮斗，新疆進入歷史上最好的繁榮發(fā)展時期。

　In 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and Xinjiang was liberated peacefully. In 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, all ethnic groups in Xinjiang united and worked with other groups across the country, opening a period of unprecedented prosperity for the region.

　　在長期的歷史進程中，中國疆土既有割據時期又有統(tǒng)一時期，統(tǒng)一與割據交替循環(huán)，國家統(tǒng)一發(fā)展始終是主流方向。同中原地區(qū)不同時期曾經存在諸侯國或割據政權一樣，新疆地區(qū)也多次出現(xiàn)地方政權割據情況，但不論這些政權割據時間有多長、局面有多嚴重，最終都走向重新統(tǒng)一。歷史上，西域不同時期曾經存在的“國”，包括城郭諸國、行國、封國、王國、汗國、王朝、屬國、朝貢國等形態(tài)，無論是漢代西域三十六國，還是宋代喀喇汗王朝、高昌回鶻王國等，元代察合臺汗國，明代葉爾羌汗國，都是中國疆域內的地方政權形式，都不是獨立的國家。即便是地方割據政權，也都有濃厚的中國一體意識，或認為自己是中原政權的分支，或臣屬于中原政權。宋代著名歷史文獻《突厥語大詞典》將當時中國分為上秦、中秦和下秦3部分，上秦為北宋，中秦是遼朝，下秦為喀什噶爾一帶，三位一體為完整的秦。在《長春真人西游記》中漢人被稱為桃花石，相應在《突厥語大詞典》詞條里，回鶻人被稱為塔特·桃花石，也有的直譯為中國回鶻人。在喀喇汗王朝錢幣上，常有桃花石·布格拉汗、秦之王以及秦與東方之王等稱呼，標示是中國的一部分。

　　In the long history, Chinese territory has experienced periods of division and unification, but unification and development have always been the overall trend. Small kingdoms or separatist regimes existed in the Central Plains in different periods; similarly, Xinjiang also witnessed several local regimes dividing the region. Nevertheless, no matter how long these regimes divided Xinjiang and however serious the situation was, the region was ultimately united. In different periods in Xinjiang there were city-states, nomadic states, princedoms, kingdoms, khanates, vassal states, tributary states and some other forms of local regime, such as the 36 states of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang in the Song Dynasty, the Chagatai Khanate in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yarkant Khanate in the Ming Dynasty. But these were all local regimes within the territory of China; they were never independent countries. These local regimes had a strong sense of national identity, and acknowledged themselves as branches or vassals of the Central Plains authorities.

　　A Comprehensive Dictionary of Turkic Languages, written by Turkic scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari in the 11th century, states that China [often referred to as Qin in ancient times] was composed of three parts, namely Upper Qin (the area of the Northern Song Dynasty), Middle Qin (the area of the Liao Dynasty), and Lower Qin (the area of the Kara-Khanid Khanate). In the Travels to the West of Master of Eternal Spring QiuChuji, the Han people were called the Tavghaq; and in A Comprehensive Dictionary of Turkic Languages, the Uighur people were called Tat Tavghaq, or the Uighurs of China. The coins of the Kara-Khanid Khanate were often inscribed with such titles as TavghaqBughra Khan, King from Qin, and King from Qin and the East to indicate that the khanate was part of China.