圖表：圖6：雙邊貨物貿(mào)易差額：中美官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)（億美元） 新華社發(fā)

　　若以貿(mào)易增加值方法核算，美國對華逆差將大幅下降。中國對外貿(mào)易具有大進大出特點，中美貿(mào)易亦是如此。據(jù)中國商務(wù)部統(tǒng)計，從貿(mào)易方式看，中美貿(mào)易不平衡的61%來自加工貿(mào)易。中國在很多加工制成品出口中獲得的增加值，僅占商品總價值的一小部分，而當前貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計方法是以總值（中國對美出口的商品全額）計算中國出口。世貿(mào)組織和經(jīng)合組織等從2011年起倡導以“全球制造”新視角看待國際化生產(chǎn)，提出以“貿(mào)易增加值核算”方法分析各國參與國際分工的實際地位和收益，并建立了世界投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)庫。以2016年為例，據(jù)中國海關(guān)按照傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易總值的統(tǒng)計，中國對美順差額為2507億美元；但若根據(jù)世界投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)庫，從貿(mào)易增加值角度核算，中國對美貿(mào)易順差為1394億美元，較總值方法減少44.4%。

Chart 6：Bilateral Goods Deficit: China and US Statistics (US$100 million)

Source: China Customs, Bureau of Economic Analysis, USDOC 

If calculated by value added, the deficit would decrease significantly. China’s foreign trade is characterized by large-scale imports and large-scale exports in processing, which applies to its trade with the US as well. According to MOFCOM, by trade methods, 61% of the China-US trade imbalance comes from processing. The value added in China accounts for only a small portion of the total value of many products, while the current approach is to calculate an export by aggregate (total value of goods exported). The WTO and the OECD started to advocate in 2011 a global perspective on production, and proposed to analyze the roles and benefits of all countries participating in the global distribution of labor by the approach of value-added accounting, for which the database WIOD was established. As an example, in 2016 conventional statistics show China’s surplus with the US to be US$250.7 billion. Based on the WIOD database and using the value-added approach, this would become US$139.4 billion, a 44.4% decrease from the aggregate approach.

　?。ǘ┎粦?yīng)脫離世界貿(mào)易組織的互惠互利原則談?wù)摴劫Q(mào)易

　　近年來，美國從倡導“自由貿(mào)易”轉(zhuǎn)向強調(diào)所謂“公平貿(mào)易”，并賦予其新解釋。現(xiàn)任美國政府強調(diào)的所謂“公平貿(mào)易”不是基于國際規(guī)則，而是以“美國優(yōu)先”為前提，以維護美國自身利益為目標。其核心是所謂“對等”開放，即各國在每個具體產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅水平和每個具體行業(yè)的市場準入上都與美國完全一致，尋求絕對對等。在美國政府看來，美國與其他國家市場開放“不對等”使美國處于不公平的貿(mào)易地位，并導致雙邊貿(mào)易不平衡。這種對等概念，與世界貿(mào)易組織的互惠互利原則并不一致。

2. The discussion of fair trade should not be detached from the principle of mutual benefit of the WTO

In recent years, the US has turned away from “free trade” to advocating so-called “fair trade”, to which it has added new meanings. Unlike previous administrations, the incumbent administration emphasizes a “fair trade” that is not based on international rules but “America first”, or the protection of America’s own interests. The core is so-called “reciprocal” opening, an idea of absolute equality, believing that all countries should apply identical tariff levels and provide identical market access in all sectors in their dealings with the US. In the eyes of the US government, the lack of reciprocity in market opening in other markets puts the US in an unfair position, and leads to bilateral trade imbalances. Such a concept of reciprocity is inconsistent with the reciprocal and mutually advantageous principle of the WTO.