世界貿(mào)易組織所提倡的互惠互利原則，考慮了各國發(fā)展階段的差別。在世界貿(mào)易組織框架下，發(fā)展中成員享有差別和更優(yōu)惠待遇。這種制度安排是在尊重發(fā)展中國家和地區(qū)發(fā)展權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上，積極吸納新的發(fā)展中成員加入，以擴大成員數(shù)量、增強多邊體制的包容性，也體現(xiàn)了以當(dāng)期優(yōu)惠換取后期開放的互惠原則。對于發(fā)展中成員而言，由于其處于發(fā)展初期階段，需要對產(chǎn)業(yè)適度保護以促進良性發(fā)展，其市場隨經(jīng)濟發(fā)展擴大后，也將為發(fā)達國家?guī)砀嗌虡I(yè)機會。發(fā)展中成員享有差別和更優(yōu)惠待遇，符合包括發(fā)達成員在內(nèi)的各國各地區(qū)長期利益，這種制度安排是真正意義上的國際公平。2001年，中國通過多邊談判以發(fā)展中成員身份加入世界貿(mào)易組織，享受發(fā)展中成員待遇。十幾年來，中國經(jīng)濟實現(xiàn)了快速發(fā)展，但仍然是一個發(fā)展中國家。由于中國有13.9億人口，經(jīng)濟總量數(shù)據(jù)顯得較為龐大，但這沒有改變?nèi)司l(fā)展水平較低的現(xiàn)實。根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織數(shù)據(jù)，2017年中國人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值8643美元，僅為美國的14.5%，排在世界第71位。2017年末中國還有3046萬農(nóng)村貧困人口。僅以中國經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易總規(guī)模較大為依據(jù)，要求中國和美國實現(xiàn)關(guān)稅絕對對等是不合理的。美國追求絕對對等的做法，違背了世界貿(mào)易組織最惠國待遇和非歧視性原則（專欄1）。

The principle of reciprocity of the WTO takes into consideration different development stages by granting special and differential and more favorable treatment to developing members. This arrangement aims to attract new developing members, increase the WTO’s representation and enhance the inclusiveness of the multilateral system, while respecting the right to develop of developing countries and regions. It enshrines the principle of mutual benefit in exchanging present favors for future opening. Developing members that are in the initial stage of development need appropriate protection for their industries to promote sound growth, which will provide more opportunities for developed countries in time. This differential and more favorable treatment is in the long-term interests of all countries and regions, including developed members, and this is genuine global fairness. In 2001, China joined the WTO as a developing member and has been treated as such. It still remains a developing country even after more than a decade of rapid economic development. China’s large population of 1.39 billion dilutes massive economic figures to low levels on a per capita basis. According to IMF statistics, in 2017 the per capita GDP of China was US$8,643, only 14.5% of that of the US, and ranking 71st in the world. By the end of 2017 there were still 30.46 million rural people living in poverty. It is unfair to demand absolute equality in tariffs between China and the US simply on the grounds of China’s economic aggregate and trade volume. The absolute equality approach also violates the MFN and non-discrimination principles of the WTO (Box 1).

　　圖表：專欄1 所謂“對等”開放不符合世界貿(mào)易組織非歧視性原則 新華社發(fā)

　　世界貿(mào)易組織所提倡的互惠互利原則，是各國就所有產(chǎn)業(yè)開放市場實現(xiàn)總體互惠和利益平衡，并非狹義局限于每個產(chǎn)業(yè)或產(chǎn)品承諾水平對等。由于資源稟賦、產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力的差異，很難實現(xiàn)兩個經(jīng)濟體絕對對等開放，不同產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)稅水平是有差異的。如果按照美國絕對對等邏輯，美國自身也有大量不公平和不對等的情況。例如，中國對帶殼花生、乳制品和貨車征收的關(guān)稅分別為15%、12%和15%-25%，而據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織關(guān)稅數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國相應(yīng)的關(guān)稅分別為163.8%、16%和25%，均高于中國（表2）。

　　圖表：表2：中美部分關(guān)稅稅率對比 新華社發(fā)

The reciprocity and mutual benefit principle advocated by the WTO means overall reciprocity and balance of interests in market opening across all the industries of the members, rather than narrowly defined reciprocity of treatment for a specific industry or product. Given the differences in endowment and competitiveness, absolutely reciprocal opening would be virtually impossible, and tariffs in different industries diverge. Even if we follow this absolute reciprocity logic of the US, unfair and non-reciprocal practices are more than common in the US. For example, China’s tariffs on peanuts in the shell, dairy products and trucks are 15%, 12% and 15-25% respectively, while WTO tariff figures show those of the US to be 163.8%, 16% and 25%, all higher than China. (Table 2)

Table 2：Some Tariffs in China and in the US